makalah bahasa inggris

KATA PENGANTAR

Alhamdulillah puji dan syukur penyusun panjatkan kehadirat Allah SWT, atas segala karunaia-Nya sehingga makalah Bhs. Inggris ini dapat diselesaikan. Salam dan Taslim ditujukan kepada Nabi Muhammad SAW yang telah memberikan petunjuk bagi kita semua agar tetap beraktivitas sebagai seorang hamba yang di ridhoi oleh Allah SWT.

Cukup banyak hambatan dan kesulitan yang dihadapi dalam menyelesaikan. Meskipun demikian, atas petunjuk dan limpahan rahmat-Nya hambatan dan kesulitan tersebut dapat teratasi dengan adanya uluran tangan dan bantuan dari berbagai pihak. Sehingga pada saatnya makalah ini dapat terwujud meskipun dalam bentuk sederhana.

dalam pengumpulan data selama penyusunan makalah ini. Keberhasilan penyusunan makalah ini takkan ada tanpa restu dan dorongan kedua orang tua kami tercinta. Oleh karena itu, penyusun mengucapkan rasa terima kasih yang sedalam-dalamnya.

Disadari bahwa penyusunan makalah ini jauh dari kesempurnaan. Oleh karena itu, saran dan kritikan yang konstruktif senantiasa diharapkan demi perbaikan.

Akhirnya kepada Allah SWT. penulis memohon doa restu atas segala jasa-jasa mereka dapat dibalas dengan pahala yang berlipat ganda. Amin.

DAFTAR ISI

KATA PENGANTAR

DAFTAR ISI

FUNCTION OF TO BE

TO BE

TO DO

CONTOH PENGGUNAAN:

a.                TO BE

1. kata benda

2. kata sifat

3. kata keterangan tempat

4. kata kerja + ing

5. kata kerja ketiga

b. TO DO

c. WILL

d. TO HAVE

“ FUNCTION OF TO BE”

Sering muncul pertanyaan tentang apa yang di maksud dengan TOBE, itu di gunakan sebuah kalimat To Be kadang tidak memiliki makna sebuah kalimat dan kadang pula memiliki makna yaitu     “ ada atau adalah “.

TOBE di gunakan untuk mendampingi adjecktive (kata sifat),noun (kata benda),dan adverb (kata keterangan). Jika mengungkapkan suatu kalimat yang tidak menggunakan kata kerja maka tobe digunanakan sebagai pengganti kata kerja maka tobe digunakan sebagai pengganti kata kerja atau to be sebagai kalimat nominal.

Selain itu tobe sebagai kata kerja bantu digunakan pada kalimat yang mennggunakan kata kerja yaitu “ kata kerja ing ( verb I + ing ) dan kata kerja bentuk ketiga ( verb III ).

Perhatikan contoh-contoh berikuut tentang penggunaan to be dalam sebuah kalimat  :

·         My name is Cakra, i am from Bulukumba, i am a student of english departement of STKIP-TIWIKRAMA Mamuju I am in the VI semesters now.

·         Her name is Rina, she is from majene she  is a student of english departement of STKIP-TIWIKRAMA Mamuju she is the II semesters now.

·         You are my good friend

·         They were football players

·         She was in the school yesterday

Semua contoh diatas adalah kalimat yang tidak menggunakan kata kerja ( noominal sentence ) jadi harus menggunakan to be sebagai pengganti kata kerja, dimana tobe berfungsi sebagai kata kerja utama.

Selain beberapa contoh kalimat diatas akan kami hadirkan contoh-contoh kalimat yang lain dengan menggunakan to be sebagai kata bantu pada kalimat yang menggunakan kkata kerja ing dan kata kerja bentuk ketiga.

·       We are reading news paper now

·       Our teacher is teaching english in our class

·       My mother was cooking my uncle’s house

·       Amir is called by his brother

·       We are taught english by our teacher

·       The news paper was read by my father yesteday

Beberapa contoh kalimat diatas semuanya menggunakan kata kerja yaitu kata kerja bentuk ketiga. Pada kalimat yang menggukan kata kerja ing perlu dihadirkan to be untuk mendampingi kata kerja yang bermakna “ sedang “ begitu pula pada kalimat yang menggunakan kata kerja bentuk ketiga perlu dihadirkan to be untuk mendampingi kata kerja tersebut yang bermakna “ di atau tes “.

Untuk lebih jelasnya perhatikan pola berikut dimana struktur menggunakan to be am, is, are, digunakan pada kalimat bentuk present dan was dan were digunkan pada bentuk past :

“TO BE”

Present

    I                                                                              Am

he                                                                                                                           Was                                      

She                                                                        Is

It

The student

you

They                                                                      Are                                         Were

We

The student

·         Fungsi to be

-          To be berfungsi sebagai ordinery verb

-          To be berfungsi sebagai auxotiray verb

·         Ada 5 fungsi to be

-          to be harus di gunakan sebelum kata sifat

-          to be harus di gunakan sebelum kata keterangan verb

-          to be harus di gunakan sebelum kata kerja V1 + ing

-          to be harus di gunakan sebelum kata kerja V3

·         example

1. Bermakna adalah ( noun ) kata benda

    - i am a girls

2. Bermakna ada ( adverb of place )

    - you are in the class room

“ TO DO “

Present

                I

                You                                                        Do

                They

The student                                                                                                       Did        

                She

                He                                                          Does
                It

The student

·   Keterangan

To do ( do,does,did ) sebagai kata kerja bentuk atau auxiliary verb hanya di gunakan pada kalimat negatifdan pada kalimat introgatif saja.pada simple present dan simple past.

·  Contoh kalimat

1.       ( + ) They write a letter

( To do sebagai kata kerja bantu tidak menggunakan pada kalimat positif )

( - ) They do not write a letter

(pada kalimat negatif to do di gunakan untuk menyatakan kata tidak/menyangkal yang di ikuti kata not )

( ? ) Do they write a letter ?

( Do sebagai auxiliary verb pada kalimat bertanya adalah makna ” apakah “ di letakkan pada awal kalimat yaitu atau sebelum subject )   

2.        ( + ) She buys some apples

 ( -  )  She does not buy some apples                              Simple

 ( ? ) Does she buy some apple ?                                      present

3.       ( + ) He went to Jakarta last yesterday 

( -  )  He did not go to Jakarta last yesterday

( ? ) Did he go to Jakarta last yesterday ?

Apa bila to do digunakan pada kalimat positif maka do tersebut merupakan kata kerja penuh/kata kerja yang sebenranya atau bisa disebut dengan ordinary verb.

Perhatikan beberapa kata kerja penuh/ordinary verb berikut ini :

Verb I	Verb II	Verb III	Makna
Write	wrote	written	menulis
Buy	bought	bought	Membeli
Go	went	Gone	pergi
Do	did	done	mengerjakan

                                                                                               

·      Contoh kalimat penggunaan to be positif (+),negatif(-),dan introgatif(?)

1. kata benda

   a.   (+) They were football players

                 (-) They are were football players

                 (?) were are they football player?

b.   (+) I am a girls

             (-) I am was a girls

(?) She was a girls

c.   (+) You are in the class room

(-) You were not in the class room

(?) Were not you in the class room?

d.   (+) She is beautiful

(-) She was not beautiful

(?) Was she is beautiful?

e.   (+) She was in the shcool yesterday

(-) She was in the not school yesterday

(?) Was she in the school yesterday?

2. Kata sifat

 a.  (+) Ali looks diligent

(-) Ali does not look diligent

(?) Does ali look diligent?

b.   (+) I don’t  sad

(-) I was don’t sad

(?) She was don’t sad?

c.   (+) I am angry

(-) I am was not angry

(?) Was the anggry?

d.   (+) The are dizzy

(-) The are not dizzy

(?) Are not dizzy?

e.   (+) I understand

(-) I do not understand

(?) Does he understand?

3.  Keterangan tempat

      a.   (+) He is market

(-) He is the market

(?) Was the market?

b.   (+) We are post office

(-) We were not post office

(?) Were he post office?

c.   (+) I am go to school

(-) I was not go to school

(?) Was i go to school?

d.   (+) Bath room are good

(- ) Bath was room good

(?) Was bath room good?

E.   (+) I am go to house andi

(-)  I am was not go to house andi

(?) Was he go to house andi ?

4.    Kata kerja + ing

a.   (+) The are studing english now

(- ) The are was studing english now

(?) Was the studing english now ?

b.   (+) She is reading now but she will write soon

(- ) She is was not reading now but she will write soon

(?) Was she is reading now but, she will write soon ?

c.   (+) We are writing again in a few weeks

(- ) We has writing again in a few weeks

(?) Has we writing again in few weeks ?

d.   (+) I  hear something

(- ) I was hear something

(?) Was he hear something ?

e.   (+) I am cutting

(- ) I have cutting

(?) Have he cutting ?

5.    Kata kerja ke 3

a.   (+) They were written a letter

(- ) They were not written a letter

          (?) Were they written a letter ?

b.   (+) We were sworn inside school

(- ) We were not sworn inside school

          (?) Were we sworn inside school ?

c.   (+) You were set must clothes

(- ) You were not set must clothes

           (?) Were you set must clothes ?

d.   (+) We were smoked in house

(- ) We were not smoked in house

          (?) Were we smoked in house ?

e.   (+) They were thought like ball

(- ) They were not thought like ball

           (?) Were they thought like ball ?

·         contoh kalimat penggunaan to do dalam positif(+),negative(-), dan introgatif(?)

a.    (+)she buys some apples

  (-) she does not buy some apples

  (?) does she buy some apples?

b.  (+) he want go to jakarta last Sunday

(-) he did not go to Jakarta last Sunday

(?) did he go to Jakarta last Sunday?

c.   (+) she sing a song

(-) she does not sing a song

(?) does she sing a song?

d.  (+) Samuel did his job last month

(-) Samuel did not do his job last month

(?) did Samuel do his job last month

e. (+) I feel heavy in the head

(-) I does not feel heavy in the head

(?) does I feel heavy in the head

·         contoh kalimat penggunaan will, dalan positif(+), negative(-), dan introgatif(?)

a. (+) I shall go to tegal

(-) I shall not go to tegal

(?) shall I go to tegal?

b. (+) anjel will study English tomorrow

(-) anjel will not study English tomorrow

(?) will anjel study English tomorrow

c.   (+) you  will a ruler

(-) you will not a ruler

(?) will you a ruler

d. (+) I will met him

(-) I will not met him

(?) will I met him

e. (+) rika will sent letter to me

(-) rika will not send letter to me

(?) will she send letter to me?

·         -contoh kalimat penggunaan to have, dalam positif(+), negatif (-), dan inntrogatif(?)

a. (+) I have two books

(-) I not have two books

(?) have I two books?

b. (+) they have written an article now

(-) they not have written an article now

(?) have they written an article now?

c.   (+) we have party today

(-) we not have party today

(?) have we party today?

d. (+) they have five pens

(-) they have not five pens

(?) have they five pens?

e.  (+) I have much money

(-) I have not much money

(?) have I much money?